The economics profession is inherently a political one. There is no such thing as a value-free economics, even if many economists would like to pretend to such a value-free social science in the same way that mathematics can be conceived of as a value-free science. But even the practice and respect for mathematics requires a functioning culture which isn’t present in most human societies in most places across most times.

Economics also has a certain political aspect to it that the economics profession tends to want to downplay in favor of the enlightenment narrative of ever-progressing social knowledge that moves from an ignorance-riddled past into a more informed and efficient present.

In real-life practice, economics has never been value-free. The practice has always been implemented under certain philosophical assumptions, which is why the profession is so fractured among incompatible sets of ideology with different fundamental assumptions.

Different governments and economic actors will employ different kinds of economists depending on their political ends. And they will ask those economists to facilitate their ends by either providing technocratic advice or justifying theories. Whether or not those theories correspond to reality as it is will tend to be secondary to whether or not their behavior supports the desired goals of a given government.

So, for the United States, the critical concern that the government might have to bring to economists would be figuring out how to fund the social programs put into place by the FDR and LBJ administrations without upsetting the rest of the apple cart of state. Higher questions about whether or not those programs ought to be in place will usually be off the table of discussion, because the programs are so popular. A great many things which are impossible are highly popular. A great way to end your career in what’s called ‘policy’ is to tell people that something popular that they want isn’t possible.

Under popularity-contest-government, the way to advance an economic doctrine is to come up with convincing sophistic argument for shimmying around public resources to make a fantasy seem like it’s real. Part of this involves creating a popular craze for an impossible doctrine while also telling the people that all they need is to believe in something hard enough and shout loud enough for it to be commanded into being. Presto-chango! Free drugs for everyone! Whenever the magic fails to materialize, the public can always blame heretics, nonbelievers, and saboteurs.

Attempts to argue that the masses should stop demanding impossible achievements from the profession of economics are doomed to fail, as are attempts to make every person into a philosopher-king. It’s hard enough to make one king into a philosopher.

WorldNetDaily gives us a breakdown of American unemployment by age group with some trustworthy sources to add commentary.

What’s happening is a bit complicated.

• ZIRP means older workers can’t earn interest on savings, so they must remain in the workforce longer than they might otherwise
• These older, more experienced workers out-compete younger workers for management positions — more of the youth find themselves stalled in place
• Younger people take advantage of low interest rates and minimal credit checks to remain in school as long as possible to add to their certifications, but staying out of the labor force

There is no real easy way out of this situation given that governments around the world have committed themselves to a destructive monetary policy. Old workers, in more ordinary times, would be essentially lending banks the money that they would then, in turn, lend out to younger people to finance their living expenses and business projects. What instead happens is that old workers remain in their incumbency, because it’s less attractive for them to lend money to the banks (save and live off the interest) than it is for them to remain in the workforce drawing a salary and out-competing younger workers.

There’s also the issue of most academic education being completely disconnected from the needs of industry:

But beyond the issues of a sluggish economy, a 2014 study by Bentley University illustrates an enormous gap between what employers want and what Millennials give on the job. Companies report a lack of work ethic, lack of hard skills, and lack of preparedness as some of the reasons behind the high employment rate for young people. “Among the perceptions from the survey were that recent college graduates are harder to retain, lack a strong work ethic and aren’t as willing to pay their dues as previous generations were.”

Younger workers in turn are additionally squeezed by immigration, which tends to consist of younger people also going after less skilled positions. In Japan, where there is no open immigration, there are nonetheless similar issues with youth unemployment (by conventional metrics) outpacing that of the older people, and younger people having trouble attaining all the typical stages of life development which would be ordinarily expected.

Many of these issues are broadly understood — even across the political spectrum in some cases — but democratic states tend to struggle to reform themselves, instead hoping to muddle through without challenging fundamental assumptions. Under popular democracy, it’s necessary to establish a broad and enthusiastic consensus on major policy changes in most situations. This process is necessarily expensive and sometimes impossible, particularly on complex issues which involve significant trade-offs for large and influential portions of society. This is why democracies tend to lurch from crisis to crisis — because only the crisis can provide the impetus for the creation of a new consensus.

The issue of pervasive web traffic fraud has finally made it to the cover of Business Week, a couple years after the story began re-emerging in the advertising and technology trade press.

Late that year he and a half-dozen or so colleagues gathered in a New York conference room for a presentation on the performance of the online ads. They were stunned. Digital’s return on investment was around 2 to 1, a $2 increase in revenue for every $1 of ad spending, compared with at least 6 to 1 for TV. The most startling finding: Only 20 percent of the campaign’s “ad impressions”—ads that appear on a computer or smartphone screen—were even seen by actual people.

“The room basically stopped,” Amram recalls. The team was concerned about their jobs; someone asked, “Can they do that? Is it legal?” But mostly it was disbelief and outrage. “It was like we’d been throwing our money to the mob,” Amram says. “As an advertiser we were paying for eyeballs and thought that we were buying views. But in the digital world, you’re just paying for the ad to be served, and there’s no guarantee who will see it, or whether a human will see it at all.”

…

Increasingly, digital ad viewers aren’t human. A study done last year in conjunction with the Association of National Advertisers embedded billions of digital ads with code designed to determine who or what was seeing them. Eleven percent of display ads and almost a quarter of video ads were “viewed” by software, not people. According to the ANA study, which was conducted by the security firm White Ops and is titled The Bot Baseline: Fraud In Digital Advertising, fake traffic will cost advertisers $6.3 billion this year.

…

There’s also the possibility that the multitudes of smaller ad tech players will get serious about sanitizing their traffic. Walter Knapp, CEO of Sovrn Holdings, a programmatic exchange, says he was as alarmed as anyone at the rise of ad fraud. He decided it was a matter of survival. “There are 2,000 ad tech companies, and there is maybe room for 20,” he says. “I looked around and said, ‘This is bulls—.’ ”

About 18 months ago, he set to figuring out how much of his inventory—ad spaces for sale—was fake. The answer mortified him: “Two-thirds was either fraud or suspicious,” he says. He decided to remove all of it. “That’s $30 million in revenue, which is not insignificant.” Sovrn’s business eventually returned to, and then surpassed, where it was with the bad inventory. Knapp says his company had a scary few months, though, and he keeps part of a molar on his desk as a memento. “I was clenching it so hard, I cracked it in half,” he says.

This is a link to one of the white papers cited in the article.

There are both technological and economic factors behind this waste. On the technological side, the entire notion of targeting individuals with browser-based advertising assumes that when something that looks like a computer browser renders some Javascript — or at least creates the appearance of rendering that Javascript — it’s equivalent to a human viewing the ad. It’s also possible in many cases to spoof that process at scale.

This differs from the procedure in print media in a critical way. Each subscriber (apart from the relatively small number of people who buy publications from the news stand) is a validated subscriber. They verify their identity by sending money to the publisher. Professional publishers then pay a third party auditing firm to verify that their subscriber lists are accurate. This verification tells advertisers that, although they may not know how many people actually see the ads, they can at least know that the publisher’s lists are accurate. Subscribers will also presumably cancel their subscription or complain if they are unhappy with either the editorial or advertising content of the publication.

With the web, publishers have no such pressure from subscribers. Their chief pressure is increasing un-audited or lightly audited traffic numbers as measured through the proxy of the web browser. Users have a great deal of control over what runs in their browsers, which is why ad blockers are so popular.

Publishers do have some incentive to control the quality of the ads that show up — there’s an entire cottage profession dedicated to manually and programatically filtering ads that come in through a network — but filtering the quality of traffic is basically only pressured by how well the ad network regulates things, through some combination of manually blacklisting publishers and automatically filtering suspicious traffic.

This overhead slows down page speed at least somewhat, because ad networks tend not to trust the publishers. Validating that visitors are likely to be real people is not cost-free: it costs processing power ,and must lock itself in a competition with developers eager to spoof the validation mechanisms.

The other difficulty is that, owing to weak security on personal computers, plenty of legitimate users themselves own machines which are doing part-time work for a botnet. Anyone technically proficient who has had to help out a ‘regular’ person clean their personal computer knows that this is a pervasive problem.

Part of this problem derives from the ideology that information on the world wide web wants to be ‘free.’ What we see is that people who leave their web servers wide-open don’t have much of an incentive to manage what software runs on pages being served from their machines in a way that best serves the interests of guests connecting to those servers.

So, rather than treating each guest to the server as either a customer or potential customer, free websites will tend to do what they can to spy on their guests on behalf of third parties who will attempt to leverage this information to persuade them to buy things or take certain actions. ‘Free’ media websites tend to abuse their visitors the most because they have little incentive to align themselves with the long term interests of their guests. The only incentive is building a base of repeat visitors who match the demographic target profile that advertisers are looking for — but those profiles can be spoofed, and often are spoofed, because they’re not financially validated or auditable in the conventional way.

It’s much more efficient just to have advertisers work from profiles of subscribers who willingly give up the relatively basic information that’s typically demanded: age, income level, marital status, homeowner status, zip code, and some other particulars dependent on a given market. What’s not needed is a massive spy’s dossier on every person that connects to a server to download a web page. The proof of this is in the price that advertisers are willing to pay for validated audiences in print against semi-validated audiences on the internet. Person for person, print tends to pay many multiples of what gets paid on the internet — and the same goes for cable television as compared to digital television. Prices condense a lot of information about markets.

The quality of the information being served by the free companies also must decline over time, because validating that information is costly — too costly for the profit margins of the media companies to bear. Much like a sugar-snacks conglomerate, the company has an incentive to make the product as stimulating and addictive as possible while minimizing the nutritional content, up to the point to which consuming the product damages the health of the customers.

On the macroeconomic side of things, we have a monetary environment that supports these kinds of business models — which also emerged and collapsed in the previous ‘internet bubble’ — really a phenomenon of money and credit more than of ‘irrational exuberance’  — propping up far more of these middle-man companies than would be surviving otherwise. Artificially easy credit sustains companies which would otherwise fail, because it’s easier for them to raise funds or otherwise borrow money than would be possible in a more natural situation. What happens is that companies that want to compete on legitimate grounds wind up unable to compete without themselves participating in cannibalistic, parasitic market practices.

On the publishing side, the publishers can’t compete unless they buy traffic from dubious sources and use whichever ad networks provide the highest bids. The ad networks themselves may or may not be able to validate the quality of the traffic they’re serving ads against, because they’re participating in exchanges which are difficult to police. And naturally, government regulators are mostly oblivious to the issue, lacking the means, technical expertise, or incentive to police those global markets.

The takeaway will be, I expect, that there ain’t no such thing as a free lunch, and the internet is not a special place where great things can be had entirely for free indefinitely. Web sites will increasingly resemble storefronts because maintaining them as ‘commons’ has become increasingly costly owing to this arms race of parasitism.

What that also means is that a large portion of the capital structure built up in the latest part of the boom cycle is proving to be uneconomical and will have to be liquidated or reorganized.

This is a good roundup of the numbers.

Consumers are increasingly opting out of running ads on their browsers and blocking trackers because they dislike the business practices followed by free website operators. This will run them out of business, which is a good thing.